The Relationship between the French Revolution and...

The Relationship between the French Revolution and Economic Depression In June 1789 the French revolution had begun. For the next five years there would be bloodshed throughout France, the country was going through a radical change, the change in sovereignty and the failure of the constitutional monarchy being two examples of this. But to what extent was all this caused by economic distress? Before being able to answer the question, one would have to establish the definition of economic distress it could be defined as the misery people (especially the peasantry) faced due to low income and tax inflation or the misery that the entire country was in due to the enormous debts, which had accumulated due to the wars, which were fought.†¦show more content†¦In Pre-revolutionary France there were three estates - the first estate (clergy), the second estate (nobles) and the third estate (bourgeoisie, peasantry and urban workers). Most of the clergy came from noble backgrounds, as it was usual for the youngest sons of wealthy families to join the church in order to share its wealth. The churchs wealth came from tithes (a proportion or the each years crop paid to the church by landowners) and the vast amount of land that it owned. They clergy were exempt from taxes; instead they negotiated a don gratuit with the king. The don gratuit was an annual payment to the crown and was always much less than what would have to be paid in normal taxation. The church had a great deal of power too as the state religion was Catholicism, it was their duty to spread to ideas of divine right. The second estate was by far, the wealthiest and most powerful. They were exempt from paying direct taxes (until the 1749 vingtieme when they still paid less than they would have done if they were from the third estate) and doing military service such as the corvee (forced labour on roads) and made their money through the land they owned (between 15% and 25% of all land in France). They also receives seigneural (feudal) dues which were fees that the peasants we re obligated to pay inShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution And The French Revolution1264 Words   |  6 PagesBoth the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution induced great social transformations from the end of the 18th century on. The revolutions laid the foundation for the journey of modernization for Great Britain and France. Although the two countries were merely separated by the English Channel, the relatively low degree of pre-industrial international communications hindered the interaction of both events. Nevertheless, it is not coincidental that the revolutions occurred roughly at the sameRead MoreThe Enlightment and the French Revolution1263 Words   |  6 PagesIn France during the 18th century, there was a system named the Ancien rà ©gime, which refers to the societal, economic and political structure of France before the French Revolution. At the top of the pyramid was the absolute monarch Louis XVI. He took the throne in 1774 and received it with proble ms that couldn’t be fixed. (French Revolution Overview 6) Below the king came the first estate which was made of 100,000 nobles. Then came the second estate was made of 300,000 clergy. Finally came theRead MoreEssay on The Raise of the West1226 Words   |  5 Pagesshowing that democracy stimulates economic growth since democratisation often precedes growth. Others may argue that the reverse is true and economic growth is the driving forces behind democratization in the west. 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World War II was the second greatest war of the twentieth century. â€Å"This was appeared to be a continuous conflict between the thirty years war and fighting separation by an uneasy truce to some†¦ To others, that point of view distorts the situation by implying that the second war was the inevitableRead MoreEssay about How did King George III lose his 13 American Colonies?1038 Words   |  5 Pagesstringing from the French and Indian war to the day George Washington handed over his troops to the Continental Congress, officially ending the War for Independence. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before the French and Indian War, Britain had used a system of Salutary Neglect with the colonies, giving them a sense of freedom. While Britain still acknowledged the colonies, and the colonists remained loyal to the crown, the colonies were generally left to govern themselves. After the French and Indian WarRead MoreDuring The Early Twentieth Century, Life Changed Drastically1193 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the early twentieth century, life changed drastically for citizens living throughout Europe. After the end of World War I, major shifts in economic, social, and political aspects of life led to the rise of totalitarian governments across Europe. Different forms of totalitarianism sprang up in Italy, Hungary, Germany, France, Russia, and even Spain, where their civil war resulted in a totalitarian government. After the devastation wrought by World War I, Europeans became desperate for changeRead MoreThe United States Struggle For Independence1407 Words à ‚  |  6 PagesUnited States struggle for independence was marked by the American Revolution war fought between Britain and the thirteen American colonies from the year 1775 to the year 1783. The war was sparked off because of a number of reasons, among them being the fact that Britain felt its American colonies were not playing their financial part as a colony and they were neither actively participating in the Anglo-French war. The fact that the French were defeated in this war boosted the confidence of the coloniesRead MorePerfume, By Patrick Suskind Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesGerman writer, the reason for which Patrick Suskind wrote his critically-acclaimed novel, Perfume, in a French setting, about the French, is questionable. However, candidate answers lie in the setting of the novel itself. Mid-18th century France, which is adjacent to Suskind’s Germany, harboured not only a national, but global revolution of politics, economics, and social norms through the Frenc h reforms. This had plentiful influence on all aspects of Prussia since the late 17th century (when GermanyRead MoreThe End Of World War II1348 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica. This atmosphere is known broadly as the â€Å"Cold War.† While the Cold War played out step-by-step between the United States and the Soviet Union, it was simultaneously playing out in the everyday lives of the masses within their borders. Paranoia, nevertheless, was not an effect that followed immediately after the close of the War. In fact, the United States had enjoyed an extended period of economic expansion during the war, and following the war the U.S. economy continued with great strength forRead MoreThe Effects Of New Plants, Animals, And Technologies Altered The Natural ( Physical ) Environment Of North America1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Natives, which was a benefit for the Europeans, but did great damage to the Native Americans. 3. Explain how the natural (physical) environment contributed to the development of distinct regional group identities, institutions, and conflicts between native peoples and European colonizers Most Native American tribes were riddled with diseases, often wiping out the whole tribe, or mostly all except for a few. Those few left were often younger, and had to reinvent themselves and their tribe. Often

How Great Websites Help Improve Your Business Free Essays

string(71) " was powered by an air-cooled, 2-stroke, single cylinder 125cc engine\." Take a look at the websites for Harley-Davidson (www. harley-davidson. com), Yamaha (www. We will write a custom essay sample on How Great Websites Help Improve Your Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now yamaha-motor. com), and Indian (www. indianmotorcycle. com). Who are their potential customers? How is each of these companies appealing to their potential customers? Are they using emotion, facts, comparisons, etc? How effective do you believe each of them to be? Harley Davidson (www. harley-davidson. com) Who doesn’t know Harley Davidson? It is a popular American motorcycle manufacturer. Also known as H-D or Harley founded in 1903 by William Harley and Walter, William, and Arthur Davidson, who built their first three motorcycles in a shed in Milwaukee. Harley sells heavyweight which is over 750  cc motorcycles designed for traveling on highways. It was one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the  Great Depression during the first decade of 20th century. Harley-Davidson has come a long way since filing for bankruptcy in 1986 once the company realized how to connect with potential customers. According to Ken Schmidt, Harley-Davidson’s former director of communication said that they don’t compete with hardware which only creates pricing pressure. Instead, they use the hardware as protection and the process behind it as their weapon. Their weapon of choice is getting potential customers to like them more than their competitors. From a hardware and utility perspective, everything does the same thing, so Harley do business with people, brands and organizations they like. Schmidt also said â€Å"When all things are the same and we feel no inclination to do business with one particular company over another, we buy from whoever is willing to sell us a cool piece of hardware at the lowest price. We are all consumers; the things we buy, the reasons we buy them, regardless of how much we spend, do not make sense. Notice our customer is one of the key points in doing business. Harley-Davidson sale person continuously ask potential customers what that they really wanted and produce that product and sell it to them at a profit. Harley-Davidson brings motorcyclists together to create social network. Today there are 1,300 Harley dealers worldwide, 650 of which are in United States. The group are getting larger. The sales per son refers the customers as a friend. The customer feels good once you treat them like a friend. By this they will go out and spread the word which create a bigger chain of ‘friends’ around the world. Current customers have told Harley-Davidson’s management to keep the identity, look and sound of the motorcycles because they are unique. When customers view are heard and accepted it develop greater brand loyalty, creating customer experience that is unique and valuable. Harley-Davidson ranging from CEO and sales person maintained personalised relationships with customers through face to face and social media contact. They use advertising nationally about four to five television commercials a year. These commercials are recognised because they are advertising the company not the product. They also advertised in national magazines such as Road ; Track, Popular Science, and Fortune as well as specific motorcycle magazines as Easy Rider. Locally, individual Harley-Davidson dealers advertise on the radio and through direct mail. Internet is a great and fast way to promote as it reaches the entire world. Harley owners can find new product where new customers are able to see what products Harley-Davidson has to offer and can compare the price with similar products. The more information the public can get the more chances of a potential customer. The purpose of Harley-Davidson’s mass media advertising is to inform and remind which move customers from ignorance to awareness. The plant’s maintenance organization is a strong proponent of: * Technology * A focus on detail and root causes * Team concepts * Communication and sharing By effectively using these â€Å"tools,† says lead maintenance reliability engineer Dana Fluet, â€Å"We are moving toward being 100 precent proactive and having zero fire-fighting. It’s the way that we’re doing business at Harley-Davidson. As a result for the full year 2012, Harley-Davidson continues to forecast a five – seven percent increase in motorcycle shipment compared to last year, 2011. Companies can build customer relationships at many levels, depending on the nature of the target market. Harley-Davidson established the  Harley Owners Group  (HOG) in 1983 which gives Harley riders a way to share their common passion of â€Å"making the Harley-Davidson dream a way of life† HOG also build on the strong loyalty and community of Harley-Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote not just a consumer product, but a lifestyle. HOG members typically spend 30% more han other Harley owners, on such items as clothing and Harley-Davidson-sponsored events. HOG went international in 1991, with the first official European HOG Rally in Cheltenham, England. Today, more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle organization in the world. HOG benefits include two magazines (Hog Tales and Enthusiast), a HOG Touring Handbook, a roadside assistance program, a specially designed insurance program, theft reward service, a travel center, and a â€Å"Fly Ride† program enabling members to rent Harleys while on vacation. . http://www. sema. org/sema-enews/2010/13/sema-show-seminar-how-har ley-davidson-reinvented-itself 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Harley-Davidson 3. http://www. scribd. com/doc/2670384/Harley-Davidson-Analysis 4. http://www. scribd. com/doc/19943405/Harley-Davidson-Case-Study 5. http://catalogue. pearsoned. co. uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0273755021. pdf 6. Text Book Principle of Marketing Thirteenth edition Yamaha (www. yamaha-motor. com) Genichi Kawakami was the first son of Kaichi Kawakami, the third-generation president of Nippon Gakki (musical instruments and electronics; presently Yamaha Corporation). He was the second Kawakami to join the Nippon Gakki Company. He explored producing many products, including sewing machines, auto parts, scooters, three-wheeled utility vehicles including motorcycles. Market and competitive factors led him to focus on the motorcycle market. Genichi actually visited the United States many times during this period. â€Å"If you are going to make it, make it the very best there is. With these words as their motto, the development team poured all their energy into building the first prototype, and ten months later in August of 1954 the first model was complete. It was the Yamaha YA-1. The bike was powered by an air-cooled, 2-stroke, single cylinder 125cc engine. You read "How Great Websites Help Improve Your Business" in category "Papers" Yamaha continued to grow. They have diversity p roducts including snowmobiles, race kart engines, generators, scooters, ATVs, personal watercraft and more. Genichi Kawakami step up for Yamaha Motor Company’s success with his vision and philosophies. His total honesty towards the customer and making products that hold their own enables the company that serves people in thirty-three countries, to provide an improved lifestyle through exceptional quality, high performance products. Yamaha motor has expended to Star motorcycles, Sport, Outdoors, Watercraft and Marine. Now Yamaha motor has more than 400 dealers across the country and now they are planning to spread out to more cities increasing its dealer network to 2000 by 2018. To be on top you have to know your customer. Genichi once said, â€Å"I believe that the most important thing when building a product is to always keep in mind the standpoint of the people who will use it. † An example of the commitment to â€Å"walking in the customers’ shoes† was the move in 1966 by Yamaha to continue its expansion. John Bayliss who is the Motorcycle Product Manager of Yamaha Motor Canada Ltd said â€Å"The new FJR1300 is attracting lots of very positive feedback. A number of customers have already stepped up and left deposits with our dealers, without even seeing the bike in person! It tells us that the designers and engineers have done a great job and satisfied customers need. Yamaha motor website makes the customer easy to find what they want. Yamaha motor also created a link ‘My YAMAHA’ is for you. By becoming a member of ‘My Yamaha’ customer will have access to many exclusive member benefits such as build a customised web page and set as your browser’s home page, Create Save accessorised ATVs in any of the Build-Your-Own sections, Build Save a Wish List for Genuine Yamaha Parts and Accessories and also customer can view and print vehicle Maintenance Schedules Services Specifications back from year 2002. Yamaha motor also offer Pro Yamaha Motorsports dealer. A Pro Yamaha Motorsport dealer is a customer satisfaction focused dealership that has consistently excelled in providing customer with the best sales experience, the best service experience and the best ownership experience. By ‘Walking in customers shoes’ slogan it will make Yamaha motor understand the needs of customer by this they will deliver faster and better. By having more products in the market, it will be easier for people to know your brand. 1. www. amaha-motor. com 2. http://www. presidion. com/industry_solutions/commercial/materials/case_studies /Yamaha%20Motor%20Europe. pdf 3. http://cars. sulekha. com/yamaha-motors-expand-their-dealership-network-in-maharashtra_car_news_2935 4. http://www. yamaha-motor. com/sport/myyamaha/login/L3Nwb3J0L215eWFtYWhhL2hvbWUuYXNweA==/starthere. aspx Indian Motorcycle (www. indianmotorcycle. com) The Indian motorcycle was originally founded as the Hendee Manufacturing Compa ny by George M. Hendee in 1897 who manufacture bicycles. They renamed the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company  in 1928. Carl Oscar Hedstrom  joined in 1900. Both of them are former bicycle racers and manufacturers. They teamed up to produce a motorcycle in Hendee’s home town of Springfield. It was successful and the sales increased drastically during the next decade. In April 2011, Polaris Industries purchased Indian Motorcycle Company. Backed by $2 billion Company, the customer can expect the confidence of the Polaris engineering team, vision, quality and performance to be delivered in the classic Indian Motorcycle. Now, Polaris is redesigning Indian bikes from a clean sheet of paper to capture the spirit of the Chief and other Indians from a half-century ago, but to use a modern engine and other components to make the bikes rider-friendly. With the slow economy, Indian had a tough road due to a restricted and high end line of motorcycles. Polaris, on the other hand is far more expanded and able to weather the current market conditions. This could be a good combination for both companies This store also carries many ranges of back seats, decorative trim, leather jackets, hats, shirts and more. Customers and fans can join a rewards membership program for added benefits, events and discounts. We use mobile toolboxes equipment to set up a fabrication shop under canopy for customers to get a unique personal experience in the techniques. There are hundreds of events held all over the country each year. Indian motorcycle show potential customers that the modifications builds can be done without huge machines million dollar facilities, they can get their local dealer to do the modifications or even do some themselves. They even do small workshops for potential existing customers. This can help to change customer thinking. In Indian Motorcycle website it stated RIDE PROUD. RIDE INDIAN. Indian Motorcycle is determined to deliver a premium experience to riders around the world. Indian Motorcycle is looking for a select dealer business operator that will proudly represent their brand while assuring a premium buying and ownership experience for consumers. Understanding what customers need in a purchase experience is critical in meeting the needs of the market. We spent a substantial amount of time talking with motorcycle riders to understand what they want from their dealer. This understanding was the basis for the store design and dealership operational expectations. The customer experience is paramount in the success of the Indian Motorcycle brand and a profitable dealership. Indian Motorcycle store branding was established directly from what consumers told us and what they expected when shopping for a premium motorcycle. These riders want an open environment that allows enough room to walk between the motorcycles. They do not want to have to walk through or around other products to get to the bikes. Having an adequate selection of apparel and accessories is also very important to their potential consumers. The store layout and design will give customers a premium shopping experience that is constant with their expectations. This look and feel will be consistent in the dealerships, at major motorcycling events, and all other consumer and public interactions with Indian Motorcycle. In addition to the dealership location and shopping environment, customers also have expectations about how they should be treated. They want to be able to sit on the motorcycles, start the motorcycles, and take a test ride. It is important to them to be able to feel firsthand how the motorcycle performs and fits their riding style. These riders want to be able to have conversations with a knowledgeable staff that listens and responds properly. They want the staff to be motorcycle buffs that understand motorcycle riders. Indian motorcycle training, support, and operational standards will help ensure a positive â€Å"frictionless† interaction with our consumers. With the development of this strategy, they also understand the need to align with the right partners in the market. Indian Motorcycle dealers will need to understand and embrace the â€Å"Ride Proud, Ride Indian† culture. They should understand that that they are making an investment in their future with Indian Motorcycle. They will be expected to maintain the highest level of respect for the Indian Motorcycle brand and the Indian Motorcycle rider. Indian Motorcycle gathers and uses your personal information to run the Indian Motorcycle Web site and carry out the services you have requested. They also use your personally identifiable information to inform you of other products or services available from Indian Motorcycle and its associates. Indian Motorcycle may also contact you via surveys to conduct research about your opinion of current services or of potential new services that may be offered. Indian Motorcycle keeps track of the websites and pages that customers visited within Indian Motorcycle in order to decide what Indian Motorcycle services are the most popular. This data is used to deliver modified content and advertising within Indian Motorcycle to customers that are interested in a particular subject area. Indian Motorcycle is an iconic brand with a proud legacy and a bright future. We will offer Indian Motorcycle Brand training to ensure that all dealership appreciate the legendary heritage of Indian Motorcycle and the brand that they have been entrusted to help steward and grow. Training will also be provided to be certain that dealership personnel understand who the customer is and what they expect in a finest shopping experience. 1. http://www. indianmotorcycle. com/en-us/pages/home. aspx 2. http://www. phatridez. biz/Polaris. html 3. http://thekneeslider. com/polaris-buys-indian-motorcycles/ How to cite How Great Websites Help Improve Your Business, Papers

Thomas Paine free essay sample

One of these men is Thomas , who wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet anonymously submitted in 1776 that emphasized the need for Americans to become independent from in the first successful ant colonial action in modern history (Early America. COM). By analyzing his writing we see how his writing techniques capture the audience in a way that very few people had done before. In the Introduction to common sense, Pain gets straight to the point about what he wants to talk about, conveys his immediate understanding about [his] feelings towards the rule of Great Britain over the States (. Mom) and the Moment abuse of power (Pain) that they have placed upon the colonials. By the clever use of diction, he calls the people sufferers and grievously oppressed to gain their sentiments toward what he feels Is Important, the natural rights of men. He also uses an allusion a long habit of not thinking a thing wrong gives It a superficial appearance of being right (Pain), in order to make the public see the tyranny they are dealing with. After my research and findings there Is more to the life of Thomas Paine that isnt in our current textbooks. Over the last 20 years there has been a resurgence of interest in both Thomas Paine and his life.This new social interest from American citizens is more in tune with his works, and his underdog status is welcome by many. You will see a very interesting story of the rise and fall of a very smart, influential man in a critical time during our American history. He will always be remembered as a radical speaker and writer that have a lot of scholars today parallels him for what he said and wrote. Even some of our best presidents have used Is writings in speeches such as Ronald Reagan.Lately Paine has been said to be Americas first modern intellectual, and is the subject of many novels in the last 4 years that have been published. The most commonly known knowledge of Thomas Paine is his birth n 1737 in Defrost, England, the great influence on the American Revolution, and the writing of the Common Sense pamphlet in 1776. I think the story of Thomas Paine will take you on a crazy reallocates ride, but you will see the rise and fall very apparent and very unnecessary. Intuition down his odd yet enlightened road to French citizenship, his time in a French prison, and the short period of time little over a ye ar which elapsed between his trip to the Americas, and the writing of Common Sense. Paine has definitely proven that you can have both necessity and perseverance. Growing up the son of a poor corset maker, and for most of his young life he lived in a very poor household. The road leading him to the man we read about today Is full of dilapidating Jobs and endeavors, including a seaman, attempts at teacher, and a tobacco shop owner and at various times an excise man. Many of his employment roads were a complete failure, but would start to explain why he is who he is later on in life. All these experiences would mold his disgust with England and its way of life. After getting a divorce and remarrying Paine was getting to a point where he was red of disappointment and failure. Yet on the recommendation of a new friend and colleague from America he decided to Sal west to the colonies, In hope of escaping his family he arrived in America in 1774. After reaching America Paine began to look for a Job.Only having a couple of letters of recommendation and the help of his new friend he was asked to be the publisher for the Philadelphia Times. His time with his new Job we start to get a clear picture of what Thomas Paine was made of a hard worker, a radical thinker and definitely not afraid to say what he thinks and feels. He also starts to make a name for himself with his influential topics and writings that lead him to writing his most famous book. In 1776 Paine published the Common Sense pamphlet, but what I found interesting was he did not sign his name on the book.The book basically demands independence from England and the establishment of a strong American union, the pamphlet found overwhelming approval and support with the colonists in America. With the revelation of its author the pamphlet continued its wave of success, having much support from the likes of many founding fathers. What made this book so incredible is it was published at a mime when a young America needed direction and helped the cause to start a revolution amongst the people that would prove to be exactly what we needed to become what we are today.In December of that year Paine quickly followed up with the first in a series of pamphlets entitled The Crisis. It started with, These are the times that try mens souls Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered. Washington found this to be so strong he read to his troops in the middle of winter during the war. From that point on Paine was definitely heading towards being a staple in the American Revolution. Thomas Paine became even more known to the people when he was in the American army and would speak to the soldier in the winter times of 1776 and 1777.After the winter Paine was asked to be the Secretary of Foreign Affairs to the Congressional Committee. To this point Thomas Paine has done a lot for his new country and made many things in his life right, but his eventual down fall would come because of his blunt onions and radical thoughts on many topics that would cause him to have many enemies. After being fired and stripped of many things he was left with very little. Just like in England he found himself a failure and with thing to his name.Many years following the revolution Thomas Paine still had many that held him in such high regard that they decided to give him land and money for all the great things he did for this new and free America. Despite all the new money and land in his life, Paine found ways to disturb his own situation, first by going to France in support of its revolution, and then finding himself an outlaw in England after he had published his two part Rights of Man in 1791 and 1792. While reading of his past on August 26, 1972, Thomas Paine became a French citizen, and quickly positioned himself in the limelight surrounding Frances Revolution.He won wide support, and gained a seat in the National Convention. From their Thomas Paints honesty earned him enemies when he criticized the amount of blood Frances Revolution was enduring. Again we see he lost his power, being quickly stripped of his position, citizenship, and any immunity. Finding himself in prison for over 10 months. Even after all this his reputation and having big friends in high places came to his recur. Sending Monroe the American minister to have him set free and made n American citizen he was brought back to America.After all this Thomas Paine would continue to erode his reputation and stain his historical relevance, rather then published The Pain of Reason which was printed in two parts. The first was printed months before going to Jail and the second was after he was able to finish following his release. This book would later become known as the atheist bible because it was Pains own religious beliefs that upset a lot of people. Pains disgust with many churches and their writings would eventually make him one of the most hated men.The hate became such a problem that even his friends deserted him or left him to be destroyed in the papers. After all this Paine would quickly realize all his work was forgotten or overlooked but his Atheist Bible, and even with that he would realize they were angry towards his writings in this bible. After all this we dont see much from Paine other than and attempt on his life in 1804 and died in 1812. He died the same way he began alone, poor and nothing to his name. Its crazy to think that someone that did so much for a country could fall so far from grace.Even worse his cagey would not get much help when Theodore Roosevelt who would refer to him as the dirty little atheist. Which didnt make much sense to me because of how much Paine did for our country and its rough beginning. If you were to sit in on a class today going over the revolution, you would not see much on or about Thomas Paine other than he wrote Common Sense. There is no mention of his personal contributions to fighting the war and maintaining the government. Not a word of how he gave his last penny to the cause of the revolution and then found himself begging for more.Here we have a man who helped ignite the flame of revolution that brought about the United States of America, downgrade to a man that wrote a book. Thomas Paine will always be a big part of our American history and he should never be forgotten. Of course he brought a lot of this upon himself with his personality and brutal honesty. Thomas Paine gave his all for our America, always going honestly and openly about his work, and in the end sacrificing his own life so that the truth might be heard. He will always be remembered as the guy who wrote Common Sense, but he was so much more with a closer look.

Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance

The stakeholders of an organization include various groups of either people who affect the business directly or indirectly. They are categorized into four major groups as users, contributors, governance, and influencers. Users are those people who will be final consumers of the business goods or services; they are part of the business beneficiaries for instance customers (Cameron, Price, 2009:P.43).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governance are the people who are very interested on how the business is running for instance the management team, auditors etc. influencers are the people are the people who are capable of changing the business views and direction for instance, trade unions. Finally, contributors are those people who are the business suppliers. Business partners as well fall under this category of contributors, and a nyone else providing resources to the business. The most appropriate way of meeting the stakeholders’ needs is first identifying them through the help of the other business team of staffs (Anderson, 2009:P.213). After identification, each group should have a key individual to represent the whole group. These key people should be people who have the authority to make decisions, and who can act as channel of communication to his or her group. Through these key people, one would be able to learn the attitude and the specific interests of every group. As one interacts with these representatives, he or she would easily identify their needs. Once you discover their expectations from the business, it would be easy to discuss with the representatives on how to meet those expectations (Silverman, 2007:P.113). Communication between the business and the stakeholders should be a continuous dialogue. Continuous communication would lead to an effective decision making process. Both interna l and external communication protocols can be used depending on the type of the stakeholders. The business may use internal means of communication such as brochures, and newsletters. Currently, businesses prefer to use the interactive social media methods like the blogs and the social networks like LinkedIn, as they are fast and effective. For the business and its key stakeholders to make decisions quickly, fast means of communication should be adopted to ensure messages are received by the relevant groups and at the right time (Horn, 2009:P.56).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditional tools of communication that allowed for only one-way communication is no longer in use. The current social media outlets are giving a two-way communication, immediate feedbacks, and the business as well can hold a discussion with more than one user identities. Any business that considers i ts stakeholders interests is always at a more competitive edge. Each stakeholder in a business has a different interest and expectations that may help the business in policy and project formulation. When the business is implementing its plans and doing evaluation, it is advisable to incorporate the ideas and the interests of the stakeholders to avoid some major problems that may arise in future. The main goals, authority, and relationships among various stakeholders would help the business to facilitate change within the shortest time possible (Horn, 2009:P.82). The stakeholders’ analysis can greatly improve the performance of the business through identifying the needs and the interests of the powerless people in the society. For instance, through the suppliers the business would be in a position to acquire resources at affordable prices, hence reducing the operating expenses and increasing the total revenue. A healthy relationship of the business with he stakeholders would r esult to a well performing business with wide range of connections (Marchington, Wilkinson, 2008:P.102). References Anderson. V. (2009). Research methods in human resource management. 2nd ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Cameron, S. Price, D. (2009). Business research methods: a practical approach. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Horn, R. (2009). Researching and writing dissertations: a complete guide for business  and management students. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Horn, R. (2009). The business skills handbook. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2008). Human resource management at work: people  management and development. 4th ed. London: Chartered Ins titute of Personnel and Development. Silverman, D. (2007). A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about  qualitative research. London: Sage. This essay on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance was written and submitted by user Kaylynn Hebert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A People’s History of the United States essay

A People’s History of the United States essay A People’s History of the United States essay A People’s History of the United States essayFirst of all, I would like to state my viewpoint on what I have learnt about the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. It has surely been a great discovery and a turning point in the history of the United States. I should admit that during the course I had learnt a number of things that I was not aware of before. The most impressive for me was to learn about the treatment of native population of America by the Spaniards. Howard Zinn stated that, â€Å"in the year 1495, they went on a great slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards and dogs, then picked the five hundred best specimens to load onto ships† (6). In fact, it was so frustrating to learn how evil and bloody the treatment of the native people of the New World by Spaniards was. I wonder if these were the first signs of slavery that would later become customary for the South of America. Was all this for the sake of gold, treasures and prosperity? It seems like it was indeed so. Zinn writes, â€Å"many slaves died in captivity† (6). I was really surprised to learn how great the number of the slaves who died for nothing was. So I think that although Spaniards wanted to bring Christian religion to the New World, they failed to follow the basic principles of the Bible.I was also so much surprised of what I learnt during this semester about slave marriages. I think not many people nowadays know â€Å"how high was the incidence of marriage among slave men and women, and how stable these marriages were† (Zinn 161). What I’ve learnt is that slave marriages were characterized with â€Å"unusual fidelity† (Zinn 161). Howard Zinn gave a great number of interesting and surprising examples of how married slave couples were devoted to each other and how they loved their children, so that even the separation from children could not destroy this affection. Mor eover, Zinn states that, â€Å"this family solidarity carried into the twentieth century† (162). All this is so unlike what we have today, as families being sacred social institutions more and more often lose their true meaning and value and we can see that more and more couples nowadays face conflicts and lack of loyalty or even get divorced.I have also learnt much about the social classes within the United States and it was new for me to learn that different classes have not only different educational opportunities, but also different attitudes to studying. In fact, it appears that children from low-income families tend to achieve more success in educational sphere than those coming from well-to-do families. Loewen states that â€Å"teachers are often surprised and even distressed when poor children excel† (198). Personally I think that in modern days more and more teachers stand for the equality of opportunities and quality of education disregarding the social class a child belongs to. Reading of Loewen’s study made me think that the poorer a child is the more he or she relies only on his or her own efforts in order to succeed in the future and that is why poor children try to achieve the best possible results in education so as to get a good job and become a more or less qualified worker.To conclude, all of the readings I studied during the semester were of much value to me. And although Loewen states that, â€Å"history is the only field in which the more courses [high school] students take, the stupider they become† (2), I consider that the history course I went through enriched my knowledge of history and other related issues with much valuable and simply interesting information.

Lady Gaga Can Teach You How to Never Give Up

Lady Gaga Can Teach You How to Never Give Up Everybody fails. Even the fanciest and most successful of celebrities, historical figures, and our most idolized idols. Even Lady Gaga. She’s won 5 Grammy awards. She’s been Billboard’s Artist of the Year as well as one of Forbes’ 100 most powerful women, and one of TIME’s most influential people. She’s broken records for record sales and made absurd amounts of money on global tours. Plus, she’s universally accepted as analogous for cool.But before she was Lady Gaga, she was Stefani Germanotta, a little girl who lived in Manhattan and played the piano by the age of four. She went to NYU’s conservatory to study music at the age of 17, but dropped out two years later to try and make it as a musician. The Stefani Germanotta band played a few local gigs, and netted her a manager, but was disbanded within a year.That manager, Rob Fusari, took her on, but had a very difficult time convincing the major labels to do the same. She was to ld she didn’t have the right look, the right sound, and that her songs just weren’t hits. She even left one meeting at Sony in a rage of tears.Then, an accident of autocorrect occurred. Fusari typed her name and his phone corrected it to â€Å"Lady Gaga.† A star was born? Not so fast. The newly named Lady Gaga then got a great deal with Island Def Jam records and began work on an album, only to be dropped without explanation after three months. She hit a low point, turning to drinking and drugs for solace, trying not to give up on her dreams despite being told she wasn’t pretty enough to be a singer songwriter and simply play and sing at a piano. The only work she could get was writing songs for other artists, which did nothing to satisfy her desire to perform herself.For the next couple of years, she took to the NYC underground scene, experimenting, working with performance art, dressing like a goth stripper, drawing attention, making waves. She died her hair platinum blond after being confused with Amy Winehouse. And then, finally, another artist took notice and forced the Interscope label head to listen to one of her songs. That song was â€Å"Just Dance.† A star was born? Yep. You know the rest.At any point, Gaga could have given up. But she didn’t. She tried and tried and failed, and she changed her tactic, changed her brand. When she hit on the right one, she was ready for the results.So remember: don’t be afraid of failure. Use it to push yourself in a better, new direction. One that just might put you in the groove and get you where you need to go.

Platelet Expression of COX1, IL1 and IL10 Research Proposal

Platelet Expression of COX1, IL1 and IL10 - Research Proposal Example Platelets are approximately 20% of the diameter of the red blood cells. They have proteins on their surfaces that enable them to stick to break in blood vessels. Their count is 150,000-350,000 per every microliter of blood (Andre, 2014). Each megakaryocyte produces an average of 1000-3000 platelets in a lifetime. An un-activated platelet is biconvex and disc-shaped, about 1-3 micrometers. In human beings, the average lifespan of a platelet is 7-10 days; however, the lifespan of an individual platelet is determined by the internal apoptotic regulating pathway (Machlus and Italiano, 2013). Platelets are formed from the cytoplasm of the megakaryocytes which are found in the bone-marrow. The megakaryocytes are approximately 75 micrometers in diameter. The megakaryocytes become polyploidy by endomitosis to assemble and release the platelets. They then mature, where the majority of the cytoplasm is packaged into proplatelets and the nucleus extruded. The platelets form at the tip of the proplatelets (Machlus and Italiano, 2013). The platelet formation is divided into two phases; one where the megakaryocyte mature ad when the megakaryocyte generate the platelets. The whole process takes place approximately in 5 days. During the first phase, the megakaryocyte matures and develops and it requires specific megakaryocyte growth factors. The megakaryocyte’s cytoplasm nuclear proliferates and enlarges as the megakaryocyte is filled with cytoskeletal proteins, platelet-specific granules and a sufficient membrane that completes the platelet assembly. The second phase is short and the megakaryocyte generates platelets by remodeling their cytoplasm into pro-platelets and later into pre-platelets that undergo fission and generate discoid platelets. The second phase may just take place in hours. Cytokines are antibody proteins that are mediators between the cells. Most of the cytokines are

NBA relates to Popular Culture of America Essay

NBA relates to Popular Culture of America - Essay Example Besides, the numerous advantages the NBA offers explain why American people embrace the sport and recognize it as part of their popular culture. The National Basketball Association has been around since the 19th century and has undergone different transformations since its creation: â€Å"Dr. James A. Naismith invented the game of basketball in 1891† (Staffo). However, the leagues have met various hardships throughout the years since their implementation. The road was difficult and filled with various challenges as people learn their way through, improve and expand the leagues. This critic informs: â€Å"Until the recent surge in popularity of the NBA, professional basketball leagues had led tenuous existences. Professional basketball leagues began as early as 1898 only seven years after the invention of the game, but often professional barnstorming teams were more successful† (Nelson). This painful learning process leads to the successful industry we know today. Throug hout these years, the organization has known different names, increased the number of teams and even changed the configuration of the leagues. Many of the names of the teams were different from what we know today, and of course some were more successful than others. This statement indicates: â€Å"The literature on the history of professional basketball is extremely sparse prior to the emergence of the NBA in 1950. What has been written acknowledges the superiority of the Celtics, but generally recycles the same stories regarding them† (Nelson). This lack of interest reflects the level of the organization during that time, which did not have much popularity. In addition, the differences between the old teams and the current ones are considerably remarkable in almost all aspects. They may even be confusing if we know that the current Celtics are in Boston while the old team was in New York. This significant detail may be hard to understand for those not aware of the NBA histor y. However, regardless of its location, the team seems to have always been successful. This assertion reveals: â€Å"Probably the most famous and, arguably, the most successful was the Original Celtics of New York, a team inducted into the Naismith Hall of Fame in 1959† (Nelson). Besides, professional basketball has not always been prominent; it was actually a game for the lower class, especially African Americans. These ethnic groups’ inability to afford college compels them to become professionals with the hope to earn money and improve their living conditions. According to this author: â€Å"College basketball was the game of the middle and upper classes, while professional basketball, only recently removed from the settlement houses of ethnic neighborhoods, was the game of the lower class and the "ethnic" middle class† (Nelson). This difference between college basketball and the NBA totally conflicts with what we know today because professional basketball ha s become more proficiently and successful. This recent success of the NBA comes with much popularity because many people embrace the sport and make it their own. This popularity explains why NBA has become part of American popular culture because numerous people buy expensive tickets to attend games or subscribe to cable TV to follow their favorite teams.

Implications of Information Technology in Developing Countries Essay Example for Free

Implications of Information Technology in Developing Countries Essay The survival and growth of organizations in an increasingly turbulent environment would depend upon effective utilization of information technology for aligning the organizational structure with environmental preferences and for creating symbiotic interorganizational structures. How can IT help the organizations in responding to the challenges of an increasingly complex and uncertain environment? How can IT help the organizations achieve the flexible organization structure? These are the topics that remains to be a matter of question for many developing countries. Although Information technology is still a . black box . technology for developing countries, it is largely applied in industrialised countries to the disadvantage of the majority of developing countries. This paper will try to illuminate the aspects and the impact of Information Technology in managing organizational change and its implications for developing countries. 1. Introduction The rate and magnitude of change are rapidly outpacing the complex of theories. economic, social, and philosophical on which public and private decisions are based. To the extent that we continue to view the world from the perspective of an earlier, vanishing age, we will continue to misunderstand the developments surrounding the transition to an information society, be unable to realize the full economic and social potential of this revolutionary technology, and risk making some very serious mistakes as reality and the theories we use to interpret it continue to diverge..-Arthur Cordell(1987). We have modified our environment so radically that we must modify ourselves in order to exist in this new environment..Norbert Wiener(1957) The survival and growth of organizations in an increasingly turbulent environment would depend upon effective utilization of information technology for aligning the organizational structure with environmental preferences and for creating symbiotic interorganizational structures. How can IT help the organizations in responding to the challenges of an increasingly complex and uncertain environment? How can IT help the organizations achieve the .flexible. organization structure? These are the topics that remains to be a matter of question for many developing countries. This study will try to illuminate the aspects and the impact of Information Technology in managing organizational change and its implications for developing countries. 2. Aspects of Information Technology Information technology (IT) may be defined as the convergence of electronics, computing, and telecommunications. It has unleashed a tidal wave of technological innovation in the collecting, storing, processing, transmission, and presentation of information that has not only transformed the information technology sector itself into a highly dynamic and expanding field of activity creating new markets and generating new investment, income, and jobs- but also provided other sectors with more rapid and efficient mechanisms for responding to shifts in demand patterns and changes in international comparative advantages, through more efficient production processes and new and improved products and services (e.g. replacing mechanical and electromechanical components, upgrading traditional products by creating new product functions, incorporating skills and functions into equipment, automating routine work, making technical, professional, or financial ser vices more transportable). The development of IT is intimately associated with the overwhelming advances recently accomplished in microelectronics. Based on scientific and technological breakthroughs in transistors, semiconductors, and integrated circuits (chips), micro-electronics is affecting every other branch of the economy, in terms of both its present and future employment and skill requirements and its future market prospects. Its introduction has resulted in a drastic fall in costs as well as dramatically improved technical performance both within the electronics industry and outside it (Malone and Rockart, 1993). The continuous rise in the number of features on a single micro-electronic chip has permitted lower assembly costs for electronic equipment (each chip replacing many discrete components), faster switching speeds (thus faster and more powerful computers), and more reliable, smaller, and lighter equipment (fewer interconnections, less power and material). Similar dramatic falls in costs occurred in the transport and steel industries in the nineteenth century and in energy in the twentieth, associated with the emergence of the third and fourth Kondratiev cycles, respectively. The potential effects of microelectronics are thus very far-reaching, for its use in production saves on virtually all inputs, ranging from skilled and unskilled labor to energy, materials, andcapital. All sectors of the economy have been influenced by the development of IT applications: information technology opens up greater opportunities for the exploitation of economies of scale and scope, allows the more flexible production and use of labor and equipment, promotes the internationalization of production and markets, offers greater mobility and flexibility in capital and financial flows and services, and is frequently the precondition for the creation of innovative financial instruments. Information system developments are constantly being applied to increase the productivity, quality, and efficiency of finance, banking, business management, and public administration. In manufacturing, and to some extent in agriculture, many processes have been automated, some requiring highly flexible, self-regulating machines, or robots. The engineering industry has been transformed by computer-aided design and three-dimensional computerized screen displays. The pace of technological change in IT will most likely accelerate the already observable growth in the interdependence of international relations not just economic or financial, but also political and cultural. National economies have become more susceptible to the effects of policy decisions taken at the international level, and domestic economic measures are having increased impacts on economic policies of other countries. World markets for the consumption of similar goods are growing, and so are common lifestyles across national borders. The advance of telecommunications and computerization has recently enabled large companies to use information systems to transmit technical and economic information among numerous computer systems at different geographical locations, subjecting widely dispersed industrial plants to direct managerial control from a central location; this affects the international division of labor and production and international trade, changing the patterns of industrial ownership and control, altering the competitive standing of individual countries, and creating new trading partners. It is the integration of functions that confers on information technology its real economic and social significance. More than just a gradual and incremental technological evolution leading to improved ways of carrying out traditional manufacturing processes (i.e. simply the substitution of new technologies for existing systems and the rationalization of standard activities), IT offers the opportunity for completely new ways of working through systems integration. Rather than applying one item of new technology to each of the production functions now performed at distinct stages of the production process, i.e. design, production, marketing, and distribution (in what could be called stand-alone improvements or island automation), having evolved in to new technologies, i.e. Enterprise Resource Planning systems, IT offers the possibility of linking design to production (e.g. through programmable manufacturing, measuring, and testing equipment responding to the codification of design), planning and design to marketing and distribution (e.g. through a variety of computer aids and databases that sense an d collect changing market trends), production to distribution (e.g. by automatically incorporating orders and commissions by customers and suppliers into the production process), etc. The complete integration of all these production subsystems in a synergistic ensemble is still more a long-term trend than a reality, but use of automated equipment to link together individual items of equipment belonging to hitherto discrete manufacturing operations has already made IT a strategic issue for industry. More technical advances are expected soon in the automation of telecommunications and the linkage of computers by data transmission that will enhance the possibilities of systems integration. Such programmable automation, or computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), has the capability of integrating information processing with physical tasks performed by programmable machine tools or robots. CIM offers radical improvements in traditional problem areas confronting manufacturers, such as: reduced lead time for existing and new products; reduced inventories; more accurate control over production and better quality production management information; increased utilization of expensive equipment; reduced overhead costs; improved and consistent quality; more accurate forecasting; improved delivery performance (Miles et al., 1988). These features characterize information technology as a new technological system, in which far-reaching changes in the trajectories of electronic, computer, and telecommunication technologies converge and offer a range of new technological options to virtually all branches of the economy. Moreover, IT forms the basis for a reorganization of industrial society and the core of the emerging techno-economic paradigm. The reason for the pre-eminence of the new technological system clustered around information technology over the equally new technological systems clustered around new materials and biotechnology is the fact that information activities of one kind or another are a part of every activity within an industrial or commercial sector, as well as in our working and domestic lives. Almost all productive activities have high information intensity (some involve little else, such as banking or education). Further more, along with the premier of internet technology and e-business architectures; powerful concepts like inventory control, supply chain management, customer relationship/service management, and management resource planning through the internet under the name of Enterprise Resource Planning have enabled IT to be capable of offering strategic improvements in the productivity and competitiveness of virtually any socio-economic activity. Other than industrial or commercial sectors, information technology is also applicable in education sector and in public institutions. Thus, Information Technology is universally applicable. Probably only a fraction of the benefits derived from information technology-based innovations have so far been reaped and the rest remain to be acquired in the next decades. The shift towards systems integration to capitalize the full potential benefits of IT requires considerable adaptations, learning processes, and structural changes in existing socioecon omic institutions and organizational systems. The tradition in most current organizations is still to operate in a largely disintegrated fashion, reminiscent of the Ford-Taylorist management approaches that dominated the fourth Kondratiev cycle: high division of labor, increasing functional specialization/differentiation and de-skilling of many tasks, rigid manufacturing procedures and controls, long management hierarchies with bureaucratic decision-making procedures and a mechanistic approach to performance. Under these conditions, use of IT is restricted to piecemeal technology improvements. By contrast, information technology-based systems offer organizations the opportunity of functional integration, multi-skilled staff, rapid and flexible decision-making structures with greater delegation of responsibilities and greater autonomy of operating units, a more flexible and organic approach enabling a quick adjustment to changing environmental conditions. (Piore and Sabel, 1984.) But this means that information management skills require the ability to make choices about the optimal arrangements for particular situations: unlike earlier generations of technology, IT offers not a single best way of organization but a set of more or less appropriate alternative organizing, staffing, and managing options that may be adopted in different organizational contexts. There is no determinism in the way information technology influences the socioinstitutional framework. Therefore, organizational innovation is a crucial part of the requirement for firms to adapt to survive (Miles, 1988). Unfortunately, this is true for all the institutions as well. Further, it is even more dramatic for the organizations in developing countries because of not being able to properly adapt to this so-called .black-box. technology. No matter how frustrating it is interpreted for these countries, IT still has significant impact on their development. Although socio-economic structure of these countries resists organizational or institutional changes, the complex interrelations between these changes and information technologies have significant implications for the way IT does and will affect the societies and economies of developing countries. As a matter of fact, the negative and positive potential impacts of IT on these countries are a matter of great controversy among economists and politicians. The main short term issues usually discussed are the potential erosion of the comparative advantages of low labor costs, particularly in relation to assembly facilities, and the effects of automation, particularly on internal markets and international competitiveness. Implications of information technology for those countries hold great importance. 3. Implications for Developing Countries The first direct effect of the micro-electronics revolution was the location of production for export in third world countries. While production of mainframe computers continued to be located largely in industrialized countries, production of smaller computers and of microelectronic devices, more subject to price competition, was shifted to low-wage locations, mainly in East Asia, where countries presented low wage costs as well as political stability, a docile labor force, and government incentives. Location of production for local and regional consumption followed, but the countries concerned were mainly middle income: three quarters of US investment in third world micro-electronic industries was concentrated in 11 countries, namely the four Asian dragons, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia (Steward, 1991). Export-oriented investments in these countries were associated more with direct foreign investment from larger firms in industrialized countries than with firms producing for the local market; on the other hand, licensing was more associated with smaller firms (Tigre, 1995). The automation of production decreases the relative importance of labor-intensive manufacturing and cost of labor, thereby eroding the competitiveness of low labor costs. For instance, automation led to a sharp decrease in the difference between manufacturing costs of electronic devices between the United States and Hong Kong: in manual processes, manufacturing costs were three times higher in the United States, and the introduction of semi-automatic processes made the difference practically disappear (Sagasti, 1994). Equally, the expansion of automation in Japan has contributed to a reduction of Japanese investments in the Asia/Pacific region involving firms in electronics, assembly parts, and textiles (Sagasti, 1994). The trend to increasing systems optimization and integration is most likely to induce large producers in industrialized countries to bring back a significant share of their production located in developing countries (offshore production). This movement has been called comparative advantage reversal. As integration increases, with functions previously obtained by assembling pieces being incorporated in the electronic components, value-added is pushed out of assembly processes into the components themselves and upwards towards servicing. In addition, the growing technological complexity of electronic devices increases the value of the parts manufactured by firms located in industrialized countries The amount of value-added obtained in offshore assembly has thus been constantly decreasing (Sagasti,1994). Global factories constructed in locations of least cost, often at a considerable distance from final markets, were economically worthwhile because labor was one of the major determinants of costs. Technology and rapid responsiveness to volatile local markets are becoming more important components of competitiveness. The reduction of product cycles due to the growing resistance to obsolescence of programmable machines and equipment has led to a concentration of manufacturing investment in capital-intensive flexible manufacturing, further adding to the erosion of the comparative advantages of developing countries. The assembly of systems will probably continue in some developing countries that have adopted protective legislation for local production targeted at particular market segments (e.g. Brazil), although this is changing very rapidly (Steward, 1991). The types of equipment produced under these circumstances are used largely in internal markets and are hardly competitive on the international level; they tend to be far more expensive than comparable equipment available abroad, and often their installation and use are also more costly because of expensive auxiliary installations, under-use, and lack of management skills. Nevertheless, they may at least provide the country with the capacity to follow the development of information technologies more closely. In other countries, assembly of equipment is taking place from components bought practically off the shelf, but as the level of hardware integration and the amount of software incorporated into the chips (firmware) grow, valueadded will be taken away from the assembly process, reducing or eliminating its economic advantages. The introduction of microelectronics requires certain new skills of design, maintenance, and management, as well as complementary infrastructural facilities such as reliable telephone systems and power supplies. Deficiencies in these factors prevent the widespread adoption of information technology in developing countries (Munasinghe et al., 1985). The more advanced developing countries, with a wider basis of skills and infrastructure and a more flexible labor force, may be in a better position to adopt IT and to increase their productivity and their international competitiveness. But the less developed countries, with inadequate skills and infrastructure, low labor productivity, and lack of capital resources, will find it difficult to adopt the new technologies; they are likely to suffer a deterioration in international competitiveness vis-Ã  -vis both industrialized and the more advanced developing countries (Stewart et al., 1991). Quality, too, requires an adequate level of skills, infrastructure, and managerial know-how that is generally lacking in developing countries. This greatly reduces the synergies, number of options, faster responses, and more informed decisions that can be implemented in the firm by the optimization of the systems performance. In turn, the composition of the labor force existing within firms located in industrialized countries will further improve their systems performance and further reinforce the advantages derived from automation. The proportion of the labor force employed in production is constantly decreasing in the industrialized countries, implying that performances at the systems level and innovation, not manufacturing, are becoming the key to profit, growth, and survival (Sagasti, 1994). Like biotechnology, information technology is a proprietary technology, vital technical information regarding design engineering specification, process know-how, testing procedures, etc., being covered by patents or copyrights or closely held as trade secrets within various electronic firms from industrialized countries. Many companies in the software area do not patent or copyright their products because it entails disclosing valuable information, and firms are generally reluctant to license the more recent and advanced technologies. Therefore, technology transfer takes place mainly among established or important producers, hindering the access to developing countries. Moreover, the main issue facing developing countries is not so much the access to a particular technology but to the process of technological change, because of the dynamism of this process. Sagasti implies this issue in the book The Uncertain Guest: science, technology and development (1994) that recent trends in int er-firm relationships seem to indicate that this access takes place essentially through the participation in the equity of the company holding the technology.

Castles Essay -- essays research papers fc

Castles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In medieval times, castles served as the home and fortress of a monarch or noble. The earliest castles were built from earth and wood. By the 12th century, most castles were built from stone. The stones came from local mines or quarries if possible, but sometimes they had to be carried long distances by water or on ox wagons. The roofs of castles were covered with slates, clay tiles, or wooden shingles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castles were built on steep hill sides or at the top of rocky cliffs. This was for protection from attackers. It made it harder for them to reach the castle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castles also had additional purposes. They sometimes served as barracks, prisons, storehouses, armories, treasure houses, and the center for local government. Castles sometimes had brewhouses, a laundry a huge bakers oven, workshops, dovecotes, and stables (MacDonald, p.12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Castle walls surrounded the entire castle and were usually several meters thick. They usually had 3 layers: a rough stone inner shell, a thick, solid filling of flint and rubble, and an outer layer of stone called ashlar. (MacDonald, p.8) There was usually a walkway along the top of the walls so guards could keep watch. Some castle walls had spaces at the top called embrassures, which allowed archers to shoot with the protection of the wall. These openings also permitted stones or boiling water to be thrown down on the enem...

White Settlement

â€Å"What was the impact on White Settlement on Indigenous life between 1788- 1861? Describe the meeting of two cultures that we see in Bennelong and William Buckley. † 1. Early years in Sydney- Arthur Phillip and Bennelong In 1788, led by Captain Arthur Phillip (Australia’s first governor), the Europeans had arrived in Australia with the first fleet. They saw no sign of life and had no idea that the Indigenous people had been living in Australia for thousands even tens of thousands of years. But the Indigenous people were very aware that they had come and were deeply fascinated by them. At first they thought they were ghosts or evil spirits but they soon realized that these white-skinned and strangely-dressed people were planning to stay, and that they were. These â€Å"white-skinned’ people were in fact convicts who was shipped to do hard laborious work for their committed crime. Life before Europeans had settled in Australia was a very different place. There was either clear land and/or lots of bush. There were no boats, building or roads, in fact the Indigenous people probably had no idea there was such thing. This was probably why Arthur Phillip presumed the land could be theirs because no-one held sovereign right. But the Indigenous people were living there. The Indigenous people lived happily and peacefully with guidance from their elders who knew local dream time stories and customs. They comfortable living together, helping and sharing with one another and stayed alive by eating animals and berries from the bush. They didn’t need fancy clothes, building or roads unlike the Europeans to live a good life. On the 25 November 1789, Captain Arthur Phillip, captured elder Bennelong and used him as a way to learn about the language and customs of the indigenous people. Bennelong willingly liaised between the cultures, and adopted European dress and other ways. 2. Victoria- Buckley and batman After convict William Buckley’s escape from the Victorian settlement he was discovered by the Wathaurang people who thought this pale, 198cm giant carrying a spear was the ghost of one of their leaders. Buckley had arrived at Port Phillip Bay from England in 1803 with about 300 soldiers, settlers and convicts after being sentenced to transportation for life. Before the European settlement was abandoned, Buckley escaped. He wandered alone for weeks before he was befriended by the Wathaurang people. Over the next 32 years Buckley lived with the Wathaurang, learnt their language and customs, married and had a daughter. In 1835 he finally emerged to meet Batman’s colonising party and tried to work as an intermediary between settlers and aborigines, but felt he wasn’t trusted by either. 3. Overview of their decline and dispossession of land Victoria was originally the home to many Indigenous tribes that had been living there for a long period of time. Although when the Europeans settled in Australia Batman planned to negotiate his way into ‘buying’ the land of the Indigenous people. Once Batman arrived in Victoria he approached the local Indigenous leaders with a contract, to ‘buy' their land. His negotiations were successful, and he walked away with 240,000 hectares of prime farming terrain – almost all of the Kulin nation’s ancestral land even though they were technically not eligible to sell the land as it wasn’t really their land. However the transaction went ahead, and it was agreed that batman was to on a annual basis, give them 40 blankets, 30 axes, 100 knives, 50 scissors, 30 mirrors, 200 handkerchiefs, 100 pounds of flour and 6 shirts in exchange for the land. Because of this transaction between the Indigenous People and Batman the majority of Victoria’s population is, as the Indigenous people originally called us, â€Å"white-skinned†.

Internship Application Essay

I write to apply for a position in this internship program. My strong commitment to my works has been demonstrated to my numerous volunteer experiences in the community and at university. Throughout my degree, I volunteered weekly at local primary schools where I taught grade 4 and 5 mathematics. Seeing the students light up with excitement while participating in a science experiment or the student who has struggled with a mathematical concept finally understand what to do has been immeasurably rewarding for me. Beyond the rewards, these experiences have taught me how to tailor my approach to the students’ needs and effectively communicate concepts to a group, skills I know would serve me well in my future jobs. I have a genuine interest in learning as much as possible about a career in business and finance and would view any task put before me as a positive learning experience. Through my study as a mathematics student, I have proven my ability to maintain high curiosity, learn complicated things and not giving up easily. Proficient in statistical, business data analysis, and excels in collaborative team-based environments, I believe it is a perfect way to utilise my skills to solve business and financial problems. My primary goal in beginning a career in business and finance is to acquire as much experience as possible. Not only I hope to deepen my knowledge in current business and financial worlds, but I would also hope to acquire some of the practical skills that I will need to be better equipped for this field. I believe that working in business and finance, I would have the privilege to appreciate that everything in the world somehow affects my works. I would hope that this internship would provide an opportunity to build a working relationship with leaders in the field from whom I could gain valuable knowledge. I am certain that any experience from this internship would prove to be indispensable to me in accomplishing my future goals.

Reflection Paper Essay Essays

Reflection Paper Essay Essays Reflection Paper Essay Paper Reflection Paper Essay Paper Reflection Paper North of Manila. the island of Luzon tempted me with some fantastic cragged countries. volcanic landscapes and a beautiful coastline dotted with celestial beaches. Heading up the West seashore from Subic. the Zambales seashore amazed me being dotted with laidback resorts. while the Hundred Islands. as they say. a favorite weekend trip from Manila. gave me an thought on what to see this summer. As I remember. farther along the seashore. the state of La Union draws visitants peculiarly for its surfboarding. North of here is Ilocos Sur. known chiefly for the old colonial metropolis of Vigan. where horse-drawn carriages resile down narrow sett streets. This scenario made me travel back to the ancient times. As I was able to retrieve. the country around the capital of Ilocos Norte state. Laoag. features a figure of sites related to former dictator Ferdinand Marcos. who was born in the nearby small town of Sarrat. Another topographic point was Palanan – the jump-off point for the ha rdly explored Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park. For many visitants. though. the premier attractive force in Northern Luzon is the cragged inland Cordillera part. Highlights here include the mountain small town of Sagada with its caves and hanging caskets. and the arresting rice patios around Banaue and Bontoc. In the small town of Kabayan in Benguet state. it’s possible to boost up to see mas. discovered in caves in the early 20th century. Kabayan besides provides entree to Mount Pulag. the highest mountain in Luzon. as I was able to retrieve being discussed as â€Å"Mt. Pulog† . Finally. far off the northern seashore lie the scattered islands of Batanes state. For me. this part is the best in taking finishs for a holiday. When it comes to Visayas. I do love their topographic point. particularly Cebu City that of which includes hints from the Spanish and spiritual yesteryear. specifically the battle between Lapu-Lapu and Magellan in Mactan. On Mactan island. touristry is good developed. Many dive Centres and dive resorts ( more than 75 ) arrange twenty-four hours jaunts and plunging campaign to the environing dive sites. Not merely in the nearby Waterss. but particularly to the nearby little islands. Cebu became the country’s top tourer finish. Another topographic point that I remember was Samar. Here. I saw the celebrated San Juanico Strait and the Leyte Gulf. I besides remembered some of our histories wherein Magellan gave St. Nino to one of it’s Rajas. that of which was non burned during a fire incident. Next would be the National Capital Region ( NCR ) . otherwise known as Metro Manila. It is the centre of Luzon and the capital part of the Philippines. Unlike the other 17 Filipino parts. NCR does non hold any states. It is composed of 16 metropoliss – viz. the City of Manila itself. Caloocan. Las Pinas. Makati. Malabon. Mandaluyong. Marikina. Muntinlupa. Navotas. Pasay. Pasig. Paranaque. Quezon City. San Juan. Taguig. Valenzuela – and the municipality of Pateros. As I was able to retrieve. Metro Manila is composed of about all the cultural groups of the Philippines and the primary linguistic communication used is Tagalog with English as the secondary linguistic communication. As we all know. the part is considered as the political. economic. societal. and cultural centre of the Philippines because it is the cardinal capital of the Philippines. The Malacanan Palace. the official office and abode of the President of the Philippines. and the edifices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines are based in Metro Manila. Metro Manila is besides considered as the shopping centre of the Philippines. Three â€Å"megamalls† are located in this part. Traveling to Makati. it was regarded as the chief cardinal concern territory of Metro Manila while Ortigas City is the 2nd most of import concern territory in Metro Manila. Another fact about it is that Metro Manila is rich in historical landmarks and recreational countries. Located west of Metro Manila is the celebrated Rizal Park. besides known as the Luneta Park. Rizal Park features the Rizal Monument. a statue of the Philippine National Hero. Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Near Rizal Park is the 400-year-old Imperial City known as Intramuros. a walled sphere which was one time the place of authorities during the Spanish Colonial Era and American Period. Luckily. I was able to vist all of these and was enchanted by their ambiance. From what I know. Many pupils from all parts of the Philippines caput to Metro Manila to analyze. Last would be Cardinal Luzon. As what I remembered. known as the fertile cardinal fields. the rice basket of the Philippines. Central Luzon produces most of the country’s dining basic: rice. And because of this copiousness of rice and veggies. the culinary art is merely superb- from the Kapangpangan biringhe and sisig to Bulacan Sweets! It is besides one of the earliest countries converted into Christianity by the Spanish 50 old ages after conquistador Hernando Magallanes foremost stepped on Philippine dirt. Not without a battle though. One of its states is Pampanga. These states farther gave birth to baronial heroes who fought for freedom against oppressors- all three major universe super powers in the span of 500 old ages. Here. we can happen mediaeval churches that stand non merely as architectural chef-doeuvres. but witnesses to a dramatic history. There are a batch of topographic points that will take us back to the ancient times. Apart from all of these. I enjoyed the lively treatment done by the group who presented it. All in all. I was able to appreciate our state. and was familiarized on those topographic points aside from my ain. I began to conceive of myself going from one terminal to another merely to see those discussed from the studies. though it was merely go oning from my imaginativeness. particularly the daintinesss that I was able to expereince in category. This presentations are genuinely significant.

Dealing With the Check 21 Banking Law

Dealing With the 'Check 21' Banking Law A sweeping new federal banking law known as â€Å"Check 21† will go into effect beginning October 28, speeding up check processing and putting consumers at risk for more bounced checks and fees, warns Consumers Union. The consumer group is advising consumers to keep a careful eye on their bank statements in the coming months and issued a set of tips to avoid some of the law’s potentially negative impacts. â€Å"Check 21 will be a boon for the banks who will save billions of dollars once it’s fully implemented,† said Gail Hillebrand, Senior Attorney with Consumers Union’s West Coast Office in a CU press release. â€Å"Consumers could end up losing out if they’re not careful and if banks use the new law as an excuse to bounce more checks and collect more fees.† Starting October 28, 2004, consumers will discover that their bank account statements will come with fewer – or perhaps none – of their canceled paper checks, as banks begin to process checks electronically. Consumers will enjoy less â€Å"float,† meaning that the checks they write will clear much faster. Under the new law, checks could clear as early as the same day, but banks won’t be under any obligation to make funds from checks that consumers deposit into their accounts available any sooner. That could mean more bounced checks and more overdraft fees paid by consumers. Banks maintain that the law will be implemented gradually, but consumers will begin to experience its effects in the coming months as more and more banks and merchants take advantage of electronic processing and other provisions of the law. So even if a consumer’s bank doesn’t implement Check 21 right away, another bank or merchant that processes the consumer’s check might choose to do so. That means the original check may never be returned to the consumer’s bank so the consumer won’t receive the canceled paper check in their bank statement. And any check the consumer writes might clear as early as the same day. Consumers Union is advising consumers to review their bank statements carefully to get a better sense of how Check 21 is affecting them and offers the following tips to avoid its potential pitfalls: Expect the checks you write to clear faster, but not your deposited checks: Dont write a check unless the funds are already in your account.The checks you write will clear faster, but banks arent required to speed up the time when they make funds available from checks that you deposit.Most banks will credit checks you deposit into your account in one day if the check is local. Deposits that are made through ATMs can take an extra day to be credited to your account.And out-of-town checks you deposit can take additional days to be credited to your account.The best way to ensure that your paycheck will be deposited quickly is to arrange for direct deposit through your workplace. Social Security check recipients can also arrange for direct deposit. (Note: starting in 2013, Social Security stopped issuing paper benefit checks.)Ask for a â€Å"recredit† right in writing if your bank makes a check processing error: If a check you write is paid twice, or paid for the wrong amount, or something else goes wrong with your checking account, you may have the right to â€Å"recredit† under Check 21. This â€Å"recredit† right means that you are entitled to have the funds returned to your account within 10 business days unless the bank proves that there was no error. If something goes wrong with your checking account, make a written request that your bank recredit the funds to your account. Your bank can avoid the 10-day recredit deadline if you did not receive a substitute check.Ask for a substitute check if there is a problem with your account involving a check: Check 21 restricts recredit to consumers who were provided with a substitute check. If there is a problem with your account involving a check, always ask for a substitute check, which is a special kind of copy of your paper check. If you now get your original checks back, you could ask for an account that returns substitute checks every month. If your bank charges too much for an account that returns substitute checks every month, look for another bank.Find out how your bank plans to treat you under Check 21: Not all banks plan to implement Check 21 in the same manner. Find out if your bank will give you a substitute check if you ask for one and if it plans to charge customers an extra fee for a substitute check. And find out if your bank places a hold on your deposits so you can take steps to avoid bouncing checks and paying overdraft fees once the checks you write start to clear more quickly under Check 21. A fact sheet on the Check 21 law is available at:  federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/regcc-faq-check21.htm

IP SCHEME Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IP SCHEME - Term Paper Example This is a critical paper that examines the way that XUMUC can efficiently network in its three branches. Technical details Expanding a network can be very challenging for any organization if proper and effective measures are not put in place. During the expansion, the organization has to decide on whether to change the whole networking structure or to continue with the previous addressing structure. Due to the networking challenges that XUMUC has and their need for change in the networking addressing to reduce the high administrative overhead and to enable the network to work efficiently, the networking structure has to be changed in this case (Plekta, 2000). To reduce high administration overhead, a client server network is necessary. This will ensure that there is only one administrator who is able to control the whole network as the other clients use the network. Since this is a wide area network, ach branch of XUMUC has to have one router which is connected to the different switc hes in the area that connects the computers in a topology that supports the client server relationship (Collins, 2003). The link of the WAN can be made by an optic fiber or a good wireless link. Since static IP addressing comes with a high administrative overhead, dynamic addressing is the best type of networking that can be effectively used in this case. In the dynamic addressing, each time a client boots, a discover message from the DHCP is automatically sent. An offer message is the answer that it receives for it to move on. In this type of IP addressing, the client automatically chooses their network without the approval of the admin. Dynamic addressing has several advantages as opposed to the static addressing. First of all, the client gets to set their own address automatically without having the administration privileges (Graham, 2001). This therefore reduces the high administration overhead that is currently present in the organization. The other major advantage is that when ever a client log in from a different location, the client is directly assigned anew IP address and can be able to access the network without any problem. However if the client returns to the previous location, then they are not able to find the previous IP address which they were using. IP addressing table Location Number of IP addresses required Address block assigned Gateway San Francisco 1290 172.16.0.0-172.16.7.255/21 157.55.27.90 Denver region 504 127.0.0.1 Denver campus 441 Remote office 1 28 Remote office 2 35 Houston region 350 157.55.27.90 Houston campus 329 Remote office 3 21 The table above represents the general IP addressing table that has been proposed for the three branches of the organization. It is however important that the network be able to accommodate changes such that whenever new users get to the system, they are able to get new IP addresses that are completely different from the ones in use. The number of IP addresses assigned in each location has to therefo re keep shifting depending on the number of users that the organization has at any given point. This ensures that the network not only functions efficiently but also be able to accommodate as many users without administration privileges. Conclusion Poor integration is a very difficult task to reverse. Due to this, XUMUC has to cover a lot of expenses so as to allow the shifting. Dynamic addressing is very convenient in this type of network since the

Managerial work has been researched through a number of studies using Essay

Managerial work has been researched through a number of studies using a wide range of methods over the last four to five decades - Essay Example 90-112). They are key personalities whose effectiveness and proficiency provide congruence to expected practices and performance (Hales, 1986, pp. 90-112). They lead and define the behaviour and activities of an organisation to make it truly functional and fully attuned to the standard of quality performance (Hales, 1986, pp. 90-112). Managers will also ensure that all departments are working systematically and that human resources correlate as a disciplined team in accordance with organisational policies (Hales, 1986, pp. 90-112). Managers are constantly engaged in critical analysis to read trends, opportunities, methodologies, and determine the proper mechanism in responding to political, economic, social, technological, logistical, and environmental aspects in nurturing an organisation (Hales, 1986, pp. 90-112). ... iffer in their system of communications and try to be pliant with circumstances to be able to clearly interpret the implementation of corporate policies and internal systems (Hales, 1986, pp. 90-112). Managers that are deeply concerned with operations are performance-oriented in their supervision and are surrounded by a number of diverse managerial responsibilities (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). Some may practise a hierarchical system of direct supervision, individual managerial responsibility, and vertical accountability (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). But their operations are, however, con?ned to operational and human resource strategising (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). They maintain personal accountability in day-to-day operational flow and act using standard performance measures (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). They exercise responsibilities and authority to strengthen their core supervision and broaden their role in business management (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). They exemplify decisive change s as a result of necessary radical organisational change but they possess continued credible and wilful persistence of hierarchy and external supervision to manifest transformational system (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). They also work to strengthen their supervision by adopting stringent controls to attain growth in business operation with a greater range of accountability (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). Managers are also responsible for designating work; monitoring output and conduct; overseeing the functionality of equipment, safety and cleanliness of a company; dealing with unforeseen problems pertaining to staf?ng; managing disputes; providing counselling; monitoring documentations as well as providing supervision in operational aspects (Hales, 2005, pp. 472-502). They perform administrative

Housing Issues and Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Housing Issues and Solutions - Essay Example The result of this practice has contributed to significant suffering amongst the residents of the Riverslake estate due to the housing issues facing the organization. The rent not collected in time has been becoming a major source of problem for Riverslake in keeping financial resources in place. There are complains that tenants are scared to go out at night because the resident kids have been seen to hang around often. A number of viable solutions to these issues can be established with a collaborative effort from both the management and the residents. Some of the solutions to these issues are discussed in the report. Among the solutions discussed, this report recommends that the participation of residents or tenants in the decision making process of the estate would be a major step in reaching the height of the solutions to all evident housing issues. Some key suggestions regarding the obligation of the housing professionals include the need for training as well as providing educat ion concerning the management of residents and income collection on regular basis. Through, well-structure mutual coordination and collaboration, the housing issues faced by the Riverslake Association can be resolved properly. The paper concludes with the best practices that the property owners have current adopted in the maintenance of maintaining the estate, disrepairs and for resolving the troubles of residents. Thus the best course of action is to have the housing management listen to the tenants regarding the problems they often face.

Contract of a Mortgage

Contract of a Mortgage Introduction A mortgage is a contract between two parties whereby the mortgagor uses his land as security for a loan from the mortgagee. In return for the creation of a proprietary interest in the land for the mortgagee, the mortgagor receives a loan and based on the terms of the mortgage has to pay the full sum owed. In the event that the mortgagor defaults on payment, the mortgagee is entitled to take possession of the mortgaged property and recover the full sum owed by the mortgagor usually through the sale of the property and by suing on the covenant to pay the full sum due. Jack and Margaret entered into a mortgage contract with Reading Bank whereby their matrimonial home was used as security for the loan. As Jack has fallen into arrears with regard to the mortgage payments, Reading Bank is now seeking to recover the full sum due under the mortgage. Mortgagees Rights The mortgagor essentially has the cumulative rights[1] to sue the mortgagor on the covenant to repay based on the mortgage contract[2], to take possession of the mortgaged property, to initiate and complete sale of the mortgaged property, to exercise foreclosure and to appoint a receiver. In this task we are only concerned with the mortgagors right to possession as Margaret and Jack are resisting possession. By virtue of the way in which legal mortgages are created, the mortgagee is regarded as having an estate in land and this along with the authority of Four Maids v. Dudley Marshall[3] and Ropaigelach v Barclays Bank[4] gives Reading Bank the immediate right to possession the moment the ink is dry on the mortgage.[5] The right to take possession is subject only to self limitation as expressed in contract and statutory restrictions. Mortgage documents generally contain a covenant that would restrict the mortgagee from taking possession unless the mortgagor is in arrears, it appears that an argument for self limitation covenants would fail. With regard to statutory restrictions on the right of possession a mortgagor, protection for the mortgagor is afforded by section 36 of the Administration of Justice Act 1970 (AJA) as amended by Section 8 of the AJA 1973. By virtue of section 36 of the AJA the court is granted a discretionary power to suspend, adjourn or postpone an application for possession of a dwelling house by the mortgagee if it appears that the mortgagor would be likely in a reasonable period of time to pay any sums due under the mortgage. Whether or not Margaret and Jack can resist possession by virtue of section 36 would depend on whether or not they satisfy the limitations of the effect of the statute. There is no dispute as to whether the mortgaged house in question is a dwelling house however the facts of the case seem to indicate that as Reading bank did not apply for a court order[6] and instead sought self help[7] as the bank merely wrote to J ack and Margaret. It should be noted that when seeking self help possession Reading Bank runs the risk of committing criminal offences if there should be any person lawfully residing on the premises at the time as they are subject to Section 6 (1) of the Criminal Law Act 1977 (if violence was used or had been threatened to be used). However the facts are silent, if Reading Bank did in fact apply for a court order Margaret and Jack will be able to rely on section 36 of the AJA and they would have to prove on the balance of probabilities that it is likely that the arrears will be cleared within a reasonable period[8] in order to satisfy the court. Application of section 36 is not necessarily a negative outcome as mortgagees do not want possession or the expense of a sale. A possession order under section 36 gives the mortgagee all it could ask for: an order for possession, albeit suspended and an order requiring the borrower to repay the arrears and to stick to a schedule for future p ayments.[9] The discretion as to whether to apply for a court order or not is left to Reading Bank. Undue Influence As a mortgage is essentially a contract and the presence of any vitiating factors such as undue influence or misrepresentation may make the entire agreement void and thus unenforceable. The court of appeal in Bank of Credit and Commerce International S.A. v. Aboody[10] set out the categorization of cases undue influence into either class 1 of actual undue influence whereby one party to the transaction can prove on the facts that the other party to the transaction exerted undue influence through an act openly carried out amounting to improper pressure. And class 2 of presumed undue influence[11] which arises when the complainant is able to establish the existence of a relationship of trust and confidence between her and the wrongdoer of such a nature that it is fair to presume that the wrongdoer abused the relationship in procuring her agreement to enter into the impugned transaction[12] In order to resist possession Margaret would most likely attempt to argue that undue influence had in fact been exercised. The burden of proof for undue influence lies on the claimant throughout[13]. Margaret would have to prove undue influence, either actually or with the benefit of an evidential inference (a presumption), which remains un-rebutted. As class 1 cannot succeed the burden of proof would be on Margaret to rely on class 2 in that of the presumption of undue influence. Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No.2)[14] indicates that in order to discharge the burden of proof, the victim has to show that there was a relationship of trust and confidence with the alleged wrongdoer and that there exists a transaction that calls for an explanation.[15] Applying the requirements of Etridge (no.2) for class 2 presumed undue influence to the facts of the case, it would be necessary for Margaret to prove that there existed a close relationship of habitual trust and confidence between and Jack (the alleged wrongdoer) and herself. On the facts it appears that Margaret reposed trust an d confidence'[16] in Jack, the fact that for a great many years Margaret was a housewife raising five children seems to indicate that Jack would be left alone to manage the financial decisions of the household as well as the company. On the assumption that Jack was in fact in control of the financial decisions it would appear that he would have a sufficient position of power to abuse his influence over Margaret as is evidenced by his actions of persistently pressuring[17] her into signing the mortgage despite her obvious reluctance to re-mortgage the house which clearly indicates a betrayal of trust by seeking to fulfil his own interests.[18] When considering the transaction that calls for explanation it is submitted that it would be left to the discretion of the courts, the judgment could go either way. On one hand it can be argued the transaction is plainly disadvantageous to Margaret as she undertakes a serious financial obligation, and in return she personally receives nothing. On the other hand it can be argued that Jacks business is the primary source of the family income and Margaret would mutually benefit from having a lively interest in doing what she can to support the business. However the facts point out that Margaret was reluctant to agree to the transaction and only did so at a point where she was physically exhausted and sick of quarrelling. Jack had also misrepresented Margaret with regard to the actual sum that was to be borrowed, the amount was represented as  £300,000 where else it was in fact for  £500,000. It is submitted that in light of this it the courts would most likely infer that there was undue influence as the transaction will only be explicable on the basis that it has been procured by the exercise of undue influence by Jack. If the courts infer that Margarets consent has in fact been procured by undue influence or misrepresentation, the bank may not rely on her apparent consent unless it has good reason to believe that she un derstands the nature and effect of the transaction. The burden of proof will be on the bank to rebut the presumption of undue influence. The Bank can rebut the presumption by producing an explanation for the impugned transaction[19]. Lord Nicholls in Etridge (no.2)[20] indicates that this can be done if Reading Bank can show that Margaret obtained independent advice from a solicitor or outside advisor[21]. In this case, the facts are silent as to whether or not Margaret obtained any independent advice. In the event that the Margaret has obtained independent advice it would be in the courts discretion as to whether or not the presumption can be rebutted. However if Margaret did not obtain independent advice it is submitted that the courts will most likely infer that undue influence had been exerted on Margaret by Jack tainting her consent with regard to the impugned transaction. If the courts in their discretion infer that undue influence had in fact been exerted then the onus of dis charging the burden will be placed on Reading Bank. The judgment of Lord Browne-Wilkinson in Barclays Bank v OBrien[22] appears to indicate that the wife would only be able to set aside the transaction on the grounds of undue influence if the third party had actual notice of the facts giving rise to her equity. The decision in Etridge (No.2)[23] indicates that the courts will only deem the mortgagee to have notice of undue influence in every transaction where the surety and debtor are in a non-commercial relationship and the loan made was not for the mutual benefit of both parties but instead for the sole purpose of one. Applying the principles to the facts of the case at hand, Margaret and Jack are in a domestic relationship and Margaret is also listed as a director of the company. As aforementioned the courts will only be able to set aside the mortgage on the grounds of undue influence if the Bank had actual notice of the facts giving rise to Margarets equity. The case of CIBC mor tgages v Pitt illustrates a situation whereby the bank was misled by the mortgagor to believe that the loan was to purchase a holiday home, as it was for the mutual benefit of the couple the Bank was not put on inquiry. Jack sought the mortgage in order to expand his business and as aforementioned an argument for manifest disadvantage could go either way. Reading bank may argue that as Margaret was a listed director of the company they could apply CIBC v Pitt whereby the mortgagee was not put on notice as it was for their mutual benefit. However on the other side of the coin Lord Nicholls in Etridge (No.2) stated: In my view the bank is put on inquiry in such cases, even when the wife is a director or secretary of the company.[24] This suggests that the fact that Margaret is a listed director on her husbands company should not thwart Reading Bank from being put on inquiry. The argument for manifest disadvantage could go either way as Margaret has never played an active part in her h usbands business and instead was busy raising her five kids and subsequently working as a nurse. There seems to be no way by which the bank can avoid being put on notice to discharge their obligations to prevent the transaction from becoming impugned. In order to avoid rendering the mortgage void due to undue influence Reading Bank is advised to meet with the vulnerable party privately where by the extent and risks involved in the mortgage should be explained after which the vulnerable party should be instructed to seek independent legal advice in order to obtain a confirmation letter. A confirmation letter from Margarets solicitors acts as proof that Reading Bank has fulfilled their obligations and responsibilities in ensuring that the vulnerable party has obtain independent advise. Proceeding with the mortgage after a solicitors confirmation letter has been obtained will make the mortgage virtually unaffected by any future pleas for undue influence. The facts of the case are silen t as to whether or not Reading Bank has carried out its responsibilities in that of meeting Margaret privately and instructing her to seek independent legal advice to obtain a confirmation letter. In the event that a confirmation letter had been sought any plea for undue influence would be ignored and the Reading Banks rights would be unhindered. However if Reading Bank had failed to discharge their responsibilities and the courts inferred that undue influence had been procured onto Margaret then Reading Bank would not be entitled to possession as the mortgage would only be exercisable upon Jack. This would result in Reading Bank having to seek other remedies to realize the loan such as suing on the covenant to pay. Conclusion It appears that a plea for undue influence would most likely succeed as Reading Bank has failed to discharge its duties and obligations such as ordering a private meeting and advising Margaret to seek independent legal advice. However the facts are silent, If Reading Bank failed to discharge their duties, the mortgage agreement would be deemed unenforceable[25] on Margaret however Reading Bank would still be able to sue Jack on the covenant to repay based on the mortgage contract[26]. If Reading Bank did in fact discharge their duties and obligations they would be able to set aside the presumption of undue influence. This would allow Reading Bank to exercise its rights under the mortgage such as right to possession, right to sale, right to appoint a receiver, right to foreclosure and right to sue on the covenant to repay. With regard to right to possession Reading Bank would have the discretion as to whether to use apply for a court order or not as aforementioned the invocation of se ction 36 of the AJA is not necessarily a negative outcome, it all depends on what Reading bank really wants.